Manila Bay, Philippines
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Summary
Manila Bay is a semi-enclosed estuary facing the China Sea. More than 10 million people live in the Manila Bay catchment area. The bay is highly eutrophic due to nutrient loading from surrounding areas. Eutrophication may further lower the dissolved oxygen content in Manila bay. Hypoxia occurs in the middle of Manila Bay during the northeast monsoon and during the southwest monsoon months (wet season), when the hypoxia is more intense and widespread. The drivers for the northeast monsoon hypoxia are suggested to be the physical features of the bay (deep midsection favoring stratification and allowing sediments to accumulate), two gyres in the middle of the bay (sediments with organic matter may accumulate and decompose in the convergence area of the two gyres) and high amount of organic matter in the sediments. The southwest monsoon hypoxia is more intense due to increased stratification caused by river run-off.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Asia
Region
- Southeast Asia
Countries
- Philippines
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Key References
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Chang KH, Amano A, Miller T, Isobe T, Maneja R, Siringan F, Imai H, Nakano S. 2009. Pollution study in Manila Bay: Eutrophication and its impact on plankton community. Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry - Environemntal Reserach in Asia. Eds., Y. Obayashi, T. Isobe, A. Subramanian, S. Suzuki and S. Tanabe, pp. 261–267.
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Jacinto G, Sotto LP, Senal MI, San Diego-McGlone, ML, Escobar Ma. T, Amano A, Willer T. 2011. Hypoxia in Manila Bay, Philippines during the northeast monsoon. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 243-248.
